Showing posts with label Human rights. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Human rights. Show all posts

Tuesday, November 18, 2014

Tim Pemberantasan Mafia Migas

Memaknai “Tim Pemberantasan Mafia Migas”



Faisal Basri

Minggu (16/11/2014) saya diberi amanah oleh Menteri ESDM untuk memimpin Tim Reformasi Tata Kelola Sektor Migas. Di media sosial muncul sebutan Tim Pemberantasan Mafia Migas.
Apa pun sebutannya, tim ini mengemban empat tugas pokok. Pertama, mengkaji seluruh kebijakan dan aturan main tata kelola migas dari hulu hingga hilir yang memberi peluang mafia migas beroperasi secara leluasa. Kedua, menata ulang kelembagaan, termasuk di dalamnya memotong mata rantai birokrasi yang tidak efisien. Ketiga, mempercepat revisi UU Migas dan memastikan seluruh substansinya sesuai dengan Konstitusi dan berpihak pada kepentingan rakyat. Keempat, mendorong lahirnya iklim industri migas di Indonesia yang bebas dari para pemburu rente di setiap rantai nilai aktivitasnya.
Setelah membaca tugas pokok yang diemban, serta merta saya teringat ucapan Alexis de Tocqueville: “A democratic power is never likely to perish for lack of strength or of its resources, but it may very well fall because of the misdirection of its strength and the abuse of its resources.”
Ada cukup banyak pertanda kita mengalami fenomena resources curse. Tak dinyana, sekarang Indonesia menjadi pengimpor bensin dan solar terbesar di dunia. Produksi minyak mentah rerata Januari-September 2014 tinggal 792.000 barrel sehari, mengalami penurunan secara persisten dari tingkat tertingginya sekitar 1,6 juta barel per hari tahun 1981. Sebaliknya, konsumsi minyak meroket dari hanya 396.000 barrel sehari tahun 1980 menjadi lebih dari 1,6 juta barel tahun 2013.
Sudah 20 tahun Indonesia tidak membangun kilang baru. Kilang yang ada sudah uzur, bahkan masih ada yang merupakan peninggalan pemerintah kolonial. Akibatnya impor bahan bakar minyak (BBM) kian menggerogoti devisa negara. Tahun 2013 impor BBM mencapai 28,6 miliar dollar AS. Padahal tahun 2001 baru 2,6 miliar dollar AS. Berarti hanya dalam waktu 12 tahun impor BBM naik sebelas kali lipat. Tekanan semakin berat karena sejak tahun 2013 Indonesia sudah mengalami defisit minyak mentah.
Ketahanan energi kita terkikis. Sepuluh tahun lalu kapasitas tangki penyimpanan BBM bisa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan 30 hari, sedangkan sekarang hanya 18 hari. Kita sama sekali tidak memiliki cadangan strategis.
Kita memang tidak sekaya negara-negara Timur Tengah, Russia, dan Amerika Serikat. Namun, di antara negara ASEAN, Indonesia terbilang paling kaya walaupun cadangan terbukti hanya sekitar 3,6 miliar barrel. Dengan tingkat produksi sekarang, cadangan itu bakal habis dalam 13 tahun. Jika tidak ada eksplorasi, cadangan potensial sebanyak 3,7 miliar barrel tidak akan menjelma sebagai cadangan terbukti (proven reserves).
Migas bukan sekedar sumber energi, melainkan juga sebagai pundi-pundi penerimaan negara atau penopang APBN. Ironisnya, subsidi BBM sudah jauh melampaui penerimaan negara dari bagi hasil minyak dan pajak keuntungan perusahaan minyak.
Subsidi BBMlah yang membuat primary balance dalam APBN sudah mengalami defisit sejak 2012. Lebih ironis lagi, dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, sembilan tahun terjadi subsidi BBM lebih besar dari defisit APBN. Secara tak langsung bisa dikatakan sebagian subsidi BBM sudah dibiayai dengan utang pemerintah.
Salah urus pengelolaan migas berimbas pula terhadap kemampuan industri. Karena tidak membangun kilang selama puluhan tahun, Indonesia kehilangan kesempatan menghasilkan produk ikutan dari BBM, yakni konsensat yang merupakan bahan baku utama industri petrokimia. Industri ini merupakan salah satu pilar utama industrialisasi. Tak heran kalau selama satu dasawarsa terakhir pertumbuhan industri manufaktur hampir selalu lebih rendah dari pertumbuhan PDB. Akibat lainnya, impor plastik dan barang dari plastik dan produk kimia organik relatif besar, masing-masing terbesar keempat dan kelima.
Sudah saatnya kita menata ulang sektor migas. Kondisi yang kian memburuk berkelamaan terutama disebabkan oleh menyemutnya berbagai kelompok kepentingan (vested interest) yang melakukan praktisi pemburuan rente (rent seeking).
Hanya dengan penguatan institusi agar para elit tidak leluasa merampok kekayaan negara kita bisa mewujudkan cita-cita sebagaimana termaktub dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Tugas sejarah kita mentransformasikan dari exclusive conomic and political institutions menjadi inclusive political and economic institutions.
Semoga kekayaan alam kita menjadi berkah, bukan kutukan, bagi sebesar-besar kemakmuran rakyat. Itulah barangkali makna dari penugasan Tim Pemberantasan Mafia Migas. Kesempatan emas untuk menata sektor migas secara total.
Mohon dukungan kita semua.

Friday, November 14, 2014

The Look Of Silence

'The Look of Silence': The film making Indonesia face its brutal history


By Dean Irvine, CNN

Skewed view:
Skewed view: "The Look of Silence" examines the little spoken of massacres that took place in Indonesia in 1965 and 1966


(CNN) -- The Graha Bhakti Budaya (or GBB as it's locally known), is a care-worn, 1960s slab of a building, popular as part of Jakarta's largest arts center, but outwardly unremarkable.
Yet what happened inside on Monday, the Indonesian premiere of documentary "The Look of Silence", has for some made it more than a theater space and transformed it into a site of huge importance for the development of Indonesia's democracy.
"That screening on Monday night was a big, big moment," says 54-year-old Irawan Karseno. "There are deep wounds in our nation since 1965 and this movie is like a healing process."
As head of the Jakarta Arts Council, Karseno was instrumental in bringing the film, Joshua Oppenheimer's companion piece to last year's Oscar-nominated "The Act of Killing", to a captivated audience of around 1,500 people.

Oppenheimer's 2012 film helped open up public discussion about a troubling and little-spoken of period in Indonesia's recent history: human rights groups estimate between 500,000 to 1 million Indonesians were killed by military death squads during anti-communist purges in 1965 and 1966 that helped cement the "New Order" regime of General Suharto.
While "The Act of Killing" told the story from the killers' side, "The Look of Silence" takes an unflinching look at the situation from the viewpoint of the survivors. The film's protagonist is Adi, a 45-year-old optometrist, who tries to understand why his parents remain so 
Adi studies Joshua Oppenheimer's footage of perpetrators of the 1965 Indonesian genocide. Photo: Courtesy Lars Skree/Final Cut for Real











deeply traumatized by his brother Ramli's murder in 1965, and the culture of fear and lies he believes pervades his community and country.
Adi's unflinching gaze when he confronts members of the militia involved in his brother's brutal death is juxtaposed with the attitude of perpetrators and survivors in the film, and many Indonesians as a whole, who prefer to say the "past is the past".
"But the younger generation are more open-minded," says Karseno. "I was only five years old when these events happened and I'm still ashamed by them.
"Next year is 50 years since (the killings of) 1965. How can we prepare for next year? How can we see the events more sensitively? I hope it can be like when Germany came to terms with the holocaust and they had a healing process with each other."

There are deep wounds in our nation since 1965 and this movie is like a healing process.
Irawan Karseno, Jakarta Arts Council

After a multi-year investigation, the country's National Commission on Human Rights in 2012 declared the massacre a gross violation of human rights. Yet Indonesia is still a distance from any official truth and reconciliation process. No one has been brought to trial for the alleged crimes. The Attorney General's office has not yet replied to CNN's requests for comment.
Many survivors' families across Indonesia still live in fear of reprisals if they should speak openly against those responsible for the crimes.
During filming Oppenheimer made sure precautions were taken should things take a turn for the worse; a getaway car was on hand, no-one carried ID, phones were data-free and in some cases Adi's family were on standby at the airport to leave at a moment's notice.

Adi confronts a high-ranking death squad commander and present-day paramilitary leader. Photo: Courtesy Lars Skree/Final Cut for Real


"It's a terrible situation that Adi and his family had to move away like fugitives (after the film was made), especially when he was just trying to create the conditions for forgiveness," says Oppenheimer.
"But it shows just how far Indonesia has to go before it can be called a genuine democracy with rule of law and that because of the impunity the perpetrators and gangsters have Adi's family has to run away, when they've done only the most beautiful and dignified thing."
For Oppenheimer, Monday's premier was the most important screening of either "The Act of Killing" or "The Look of Silence" (which has appeared at a number of international film festivals), as it was hosted by Indonesian government agencies-- the Jakarta Arts Council and the National Human Rights Commission.

It shows just how far Indonesia has to go before it can be called a genuine democracy with rule of law. 
Joshua Oppenheimer, director, The Look of Silence

While "The Act of Killing" first had to be shown at private screenings, even public showings initially had to have heavy security, "The Look of Silence" premier was publicly announced, proving to Oppenheimer, that a space is opening up for the country to continue to heal.
In December community screenings will take place across Indonesia, and Karseno, encouraged by the recent election of Joko Widodo as president, feels optimistic that the country can get over its "mental block."
"We are pushing hard for Jokowi (Joko Widodo) to see the film," says Karseno.
"We have a problem in our culture. It's not just about 1960s for us, but how we as a country are connected to the rest of the world."
According to Karseno the atmosphere on Monday was only tense with expectation rather than from any safety worries, and two screenings had be shown as twice as many people turned up as could be accommodated by the auditorium.
Adi was one of those present at the premier.
"After watching the film and seeing the victims I felt sad," says Karseno. "I then met Adi and I just cried."

 
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