Artist impression of an electron wave function (blue), confined in a crystal of silicon-28 atoms (black), controlled by a nanofabricated metal gate (silver) |
"All Humans Have Rights Let Them Be Equal"
(Humanisme adalah etika) Humanisme menjunjung tinggi nilai-nilai, kedaulatan dan kebebasan pribadi dalam segala hak kebebasan yang hanya dibatasi oleh hak pribadi lainnya. Seorang humanis memelihara humanitas termasuk untuk generasi masa depan. Seorang humanis percaya bahwa moralitas adalah bagian dari sifat alami manusia yg mendasarkan pada saling pengertian dan acuh terhadap sesama serta tidak memerlukan sanksi dari luar.
(Humanisme adalah rasionalitas) Humanisme memakai sains secara kreatif bukan destruktif. Humanis percaya bahwa solusi atas masalah-masalah dunia terletak pada pemikiran manusia dan tindakannya, ketimbang intervensi transenden/ilahi. Humanisme menganjurkan pemakaian metoda-metoda ilmiah dan berfikir bebas terhadap masalah kesejahteraan manusia. Tetapi humanis juga percaya bahwa pemakaian sains dan teknologi haruslah dibawah nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Sains menentukan cara, nilai-nilai kemanusian yang menentukan akhirnya.
(Humanisme menyulang demokrasi dan hal azasi manusia) Humanisme bertujuan mengembangkan manusia sepenuh-penuhnya. Memegang demokrasi dan pengembangan diri manusia sebagai sebuah hak. Prinsip-prinsip demokrasi dan hak azasi manusia dilaksanakan dalam hubungan antar manusia tanpa dibatasi oleh cara-cara pemerintahan.
(Humanisme menginginkan kebebasan pribadi menyatu dengan tanggung jawab sosial) Usaha-usaha humanis adalah membangun dunia berdasarkan ide-ide dari manusia bebas yang bertanggung terhadap masyarakat serta mengakui saling ketergantungan di dunia. Humanisme bukanlah dogma, tanpa sumpah dalam keterlibatan. Humanisme terikat dalam memajukan pendidikan yang bebas dari indoktrinasi.
(Humanisme adalah tanggapan terhadap kebutuhan luas untuk alternatif agama dogmatis) Agama besar di dunia mengklaim kebenaran berdasarkan pada wahyu dan berlaku sepanjang jaman serta berusaha untuk memaksakan pandangan dunia mereka pada semua umat manusia. Humanisme mengakui bahwa pengetahuan yang dapat diandalkan dunia dan diri kita muncul melalui suatu proses yang berkelanjutan. observasi, evaluasi dan revisi.
Artist impression of an electron wave function (blue), confined in a crystal of silicon-28 atoms (black), controlled by a nanofabricated metal gate (silver) |
Part of a historic archive of space images, including Soviet photos of the surface of Venus, hand-assembled mosaics of Jupiter’s moons, and an incredibly detailed map of the Moon, has been published online for the first time as part of the Festival of the Planets, which runs from 8-13 September in London. |
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A remarkable series of photos from Lunar Orbiter I are the first pictures of the Earth taken from beyond the Moon.1966 Lunar Orbiter picture of the Earth and Moon |
Reprocessed 1966 Lunar Orbiter picture of the Earth and Moon. |
Oxia Palus from Mariner 9, 1972. Mariner 9, a NASA probe in 1971-2, was the first to orbit the red planet, rather than fly-by, and produced what were, for the time, remarkably detailed maps of the planet. This image of the Oxia Palus Quadrangle, taken by Mariner 9, shows a large area of the planet's surface. The horizontal extent of the map is a full quarter of the planet's circumference, while the vertical axis runs from the equator (the bottom edge of the map) one third of the way towards the planet's North Pole. |
Ascraeus Mons from the Viking 1 orbiter, 1976. Viking 1 and 2, both of which landed in 1976, returned the first useable data from the planet's surface, as well as providing further mapping from their respective orbiters. The image shows Ascraeus Mons, an extinct volcano more than twice as high as Mount Everest, which had been discovered by Mariner 9 a few years earlier. |
Io by Voyager 1, 1979. The Voyager programme is famous as having made the first detailed images of many outer Solar System bodies, including the moons of Jupiter, and the planet Neptune. Despite their age and, by modern standards, rudimentary cameras, the Voyager missions sent back some remarkable images. |
Ganymede by Voyager 2, 1979. Ganymede and Io are both larger than the Earth's Moon, and Ganymede is bigger even than the planet Mercury. The relatively narrow field of view, combined with the Voyager probes' close flybys meant that the photos had to be stitched together - which in the days before powerful computer graphics software meant printing them out and sticking them together by hand. |
NASA never landed a probe on Venus, so the only pictures we have of its surface come from Soviet missions. These images come from the Soviet Venera programme which landed a series of probes on Venus during the 1970s and 1980s, including the identical probes Venera 13, top, and Venera 14 in 1982. The pictures were taken with very wide-angle lenses, hence the curved horizon, distorted rocks, and the base of the probe being visible. The Cyrillic text reads: 'Venera 13/14 Obrabotka IPPI AN SSSR TsDKS', short for 'Venera 13/14, Processing, Institute for Problems in Transmitting Information, Academy of Sciences, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Centre for Long-Distance Space Communications'. |
Venera synthetic aperture radar map. The text beneath the map reads: 'Photomap. Page 14. Lambert conformal conic projection - Gauss. Standard parallels, 43.10 by 57.15. Reading height from a sphere of a radius 6051 km. Countour interval 0.5 km.' The surface of Venus cannot be photographed from space because of the planet's thick atmosphere and opaque clouds, leaving radar as the only way of imaging the surface without landing. |
Walter Goodacre was president of the Lunar section of the British Astronomical Association. In that time, he prepared an incredibly detailed map of the Moon, 70 inches (1.78 metres) across, which he published in book form in 1910. |